The world is undergoing a historic demographic shift. After decades of population growth, many countries now face aging societies, falling birth rates, and shrinking workforces, while others remain young and rapidly expanding. This quiet transformation is reshaping economic growth, national power, fiscal sustainability, and long-term governance. This session explores how demography has become a strategic force influencing competitiveness, labor markets, migration, and social stability — and asks whether governments can still shape their demographic future, or must now adapt to irreversible change. Led by Paul Morland, the discussion challenges leaders to rethink national strategy in a world where population trends may matter more than short-term economic cycles.